Rewrite - Extended Research Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rewrite - Extended Research Report - Essay Example It is vital to know the skills of employees as to understand the goals that they should take on. Research findings have shown that employee performance evaluations also depend on the development and organizational improvement of the company. By conducting this evaluation, employees can be instructed on how to provide better work. The evaluation can also help to provide the employee with personal development and organizational goals. The possibilities of an increase in salary, a promotion, and good recognition can also result from employee evaluations. This report concludes that not only do employee performance evaluations help to improve employee work, but can also aid a company in improving its business. Goals, whether long-term or short-term, cannot be met without regular evaluations. Recommendations discussed within the report include: increased productivity, making retainable and realistic goals, improving business relations, and helping various industries to narrow down on areas within their business that need improvement. This final paper is based on the extended research report that I have been conducting, providing an up-to-date status on employee performance evaluations based on the subject of human resources in the field of business. To completely understand the challenges that people face with human resource issues, I have opted to research and address the importance of the employee performance evaluation. I began researching this topic on June 10, 2010, and have been steadily adding on to it until it was completed. Employee performance evaluation has been an interesting topic to research and write about. When employers undergo performance evaluations for their employees, they are providing their workers with either praise or criticism, letting them know of the good they are doing and if anything needs to be changed.

Role of CNO (Chief Nursing Officer) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of CNO (Chief Nursing Officer) - Essay Example According to a 2002 survey, approximately 55 percent of the CNOs were found to report directly to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) (Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation., & Institute of Medicine, 2011). This presents the CNOs with a good chance to present the ailing problems of the treatment, disease management, patient safety, and nursing staff safety to the top management board. In other words, the CNO is a representative for the nursing staff and the patients to the health care administration. This should go in hand with the implementation of strategies that are geared towards the improvement of the quality of services in the health care institutions. In most cases, the management board focuses primarily on financial and business aspects of health care institutions (Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing, at the Institute of Medicine., Robert Wood Johnson Foundation., & Institute of Medicine, 2011). However, with the representation of the CNOs in the board, there is an all-round structure of administration that can make diverse and all-inclusive decisions that touch on all the stakeholders in the health sector. The significance of their representation is that they are directly in touch with the nursing staff and the patients as well as other stakeholders in the health sector. It is through the representation of the nursing staff by the CNO in the hospital board that critical issues affecting health care such as understaffing, budget pressures, turnover levels, and retention can be satisfactorily addressed. Another significant role of the CNO in health care is guaranteeing and assuring the quality of services offered in the clinics. The Chief Nursing Officer ought to directly supervise the nursing staff to ensure that patient satisfaction is achieved. The achievements and

Benefits of Alternative Energy vs Fossil-Fuelled Energy

Benefits of Alternative Energy vs Fossil-Fuelled Energy Alternative Energy vs. Fossil Fueled Energy One of the largest issues that we as a nation are facing in the 21st century is how we as a nation can go about obtaining the energy we need to support our nations operations; from transportation, production, lights and heat. In today’s world fossil fuels is supporting upwards of 90 percent of our everyday energy needs. Through the US Department of Energy, nuclear power plants provide roughly 19 percent of our power needs while the rest of our energy requirements are met through either coal or renewable / alternative energy sources. However, the way that our nations demand for energy is growing within the next twenty years we will need at least double the requirements that we have right now. Both the public and private scientists have been debating for some time on how we plan to fill the gap of energy. Are we going to remain constant with burning fossil fuels or finally go with the greener alternative methods of producing energies? Both fossil fuels and alternative energies h ave their ups and downs; however, we need to make up a decision before it becomes too late change the ecosystem. However, in order to enact change, we must first take a look at the past and see how we got to our current point in history. There are early reports that coal was first used in China around 2000 B.C. for cooking and heating, and they were using this fossil fuel for at least 4000 years at that time. They even used coal during med-evil times in Europe for cooking; however, due to coal creating so much smoke and soot they considered it to an inferior product so most stuck to wood. Around 200 B.C. the Chinese discovered natural gas, and devised a use for it such as heating. The Chinese were also able to create table salt from the brine that would be created in the natural gas-fired evaporators. About the same time in Europe, the Europeans we able to harness the energy from moving water with the creation of water wheels. Then with this new creation they were able to crush grain, tan leather, saw wood, and smelt and shape iron. With this invention it would be the early signs of industrial processing. The productivity and output increased drastically, so the dependence on animal and human muscle power began to decline. The places that had good water sources for these water-powered waterwheels became great centers of industrial and economic activity. Now, during the first century A.D. Chinese discovered petroleum (oil) and with its discovery they found a way to refine it for use as an energy source. Now moving forward to the tenth century A.D. the people of Persia developed the first windmills, the mechanics were quite similar to the currently used waterwheel. The uses for the windmill were very similar from grinding corn-grain, and since they may have not had a readily accessible water source the windmill would be used to pump water to irrigate crops. The invention of the windmill would spread around the world from India, China, Europe, Middle East, and even gradually make it to the United States. As we move throughout history everything grows and multiplies as will the need for energy, we get to the 1700’s and people are beginning to realize the benefit of coals energy production is much higher than the waste left behind. So people use coal to replace wood, water, wind, and even the oil from whales. However, where coal is mined from they have to come up with a way to get rid of the water that keeps filling the mines in order to get access to the coal. So during the early years of coal mining was a slow and tedious problem that was solved in the early 18th century the first steam engine was developed and with this steam engine they made a pump in order to pump all the mines free of water. With this development they were able to increase the production of coal by 300% in the United Kingdom. By the mid-18th century and a commercial coal mining begins in the United States in Richmond, Virginia. More and more feats and first occurred more rapidly. In the early 19th century according to the National Hydrogen Association, Electrolysis was developed by scientists William Nicholson and Sir Anthony Carlisle. Electrolysis is when you apply an electrical current to water, this process produces hydrogen and oxygen gases. With these discoveries was one of the first steps of developing hydrogen energy and or hydrogen fuel cells. The U.S. drilled its first natural gas well in 1821, and with this new energy source they weren’t able to transport it over large distances yet so it was mainly used for lighting. However, with the limited use at the time natural gas was only used for street lighting till around the end of the 19th century and was replaced by the new electric lights. During the 1800’s the United States saw many different revolutionizing inventions in regards to energy sources. Coal took the place of wood in the steam engines of locomotives due to it burning hotter and longer than wood. Ethanol was developed and became a very popular alternative to what oil lanterns mainly due to being incredibly cheaper, and whale oil when burnt left a residue on everything. Then a few years later as people began to move west into the heart of the country people needed water to drink and irrigate their crops so these homesteaders built windmills. The windmill was used for pumping from deep within the earth since regular water sources weren’t readily available. Shortly after the Civil War, the petroleum industry continued to make advances and this continued to grow the demand for energy production well into the 20th century. This industry drew the interest of many different business men; however, none will be as dominant as John D. Rockefeller. Mr. Rockefeller created Standard Oil Company during the late 19th century, and with his new company he found way to increase production / refinement of petroleum, and he was able to do this much cheaper than his competition. With the efforts that John D. Rockefeller and his inventions, he was able to push petroleum to the forefront that it is today. Then in 1876, scientist William Adams and Richard Day were able to create the first solar cell from Selenium. This was a step in the right direction for alternative energy. Even though the solar cell didn’t work properly the footwork was there and they just needed to make a few adjustments and come back at it. Even Thomas Edison called this discovery â€Å"scientifically of the most far-fetching importance.† So as you can see Thomas Edison saw the direction the world was headed to and didn’t like the outcome and hoped for change. Right around the corner in time, the young inventor Thomas Edison was perfecting his DC (Direct Current) electric generator and in 1882, Edison installed the first electric plant in New York near Wall Street. The first electric power plant only served a square-mile area. Only the extremely wealthy could afford electricity at the time. The first customers were J.P. Morgan, the nation’s largest newspapers at the time, and the New York Stock Exchange. Now lets’ move forward in time about 50 years to 1935, the Hoover Dam is built and with it came the world’s largest Hydroelectric Power Plant. The Hoover Dam is located on the Colorado River, and it creates most of the energy used on the west coast of the United States. Then in 1946 after the creation of the nuclear bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima, and Nagasaki, scientist found that there are peaceful application for nuclear power; hence the Atomic Energy Act was put in place and the United States created the Atomic Energy Commission. Then low and behold just a few years later in 1950, petroleum becomes the most consumed fuel in the United States. Then in 1954, Congress passed a law that made it possible to use atomic energy for non-lethal purposes. (Atomic Energy Act 1954) Shortly after the AEA (Atomic Energy Act) went into place we had our first operational nuclear power plant in Shippingport, PA. This was the first large scale operating power plant just 15years after Enrico Fermi was able to sustain the first nuclear reaction. This power plant only operated for 25 years before being shut down in 1982. Then four years later the world had the largest nuclear accident in Chernobyl, Ukraine. The accident occurred at the number 4 reactor, where a sudden surges of power destroyed the reactor and with this destruction, massive amounts of radioactive contaminants were released into the atmosphere. Even though the number of people directed by the explosion were minimal, there are people still paying the consequences today from the cleanup efforts. So as you can see there has been numerous developments for the uses of fossil fuels, and quite a few for the alternative energies. The problem that we face is that we as people of the United States and the world have become too dependent on fossil fuels such as oil / petroleum for our energy needs and the cost for these necessities are mounting higher and higher. All the technological advances that are being created today hardly make it to the main stream due to the car manufacturers, or anyone that would stand to lose large sums of money with these improvements in alternative energy. There are arguments all over the place when it comes to pro alternative energy or pro fossil fuels. We are trying as a nation to get renewable energy to take the place of fossil fuels. When the Bush Administration lifted the ban on off-shore drilling, they thought this would help reduce the price of oil, and help us save money at the gas-pumps. However, the true impact was insignificant except for the wildlife affected in the area of the drilling rigs in the Gulf of Mexico, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans. Just look at the BP oil spill in April 2010, from there Deepwater Horizon drilling rig that exploded and the open oil well continued to dump crude oil into the Gulf for 87 days before stopped. Executives from large oil companies saw that we as a country need these reserves of that are off-shore to create the energy for tomorrow. (Exxon Mobil) However, as a nation we need to put a stop to inflating the profits of these companies, and focus on the newer cleaner energies. One of the things that people tend to forget is that renewable energy is renewable and it’s quite easily generated, while fossil fuels are considered to be a perishable item that can be used only once. Unfortunately, there are people that think we are stuck using fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, nuclear energy, and petroleum. All it takes is the right person to set the tides of change in motion, and then we will be on our way to a healthier / cleaner world. There are scientists that believe that United States could be a zero-CO2 emission nation within the next thirty to fifty years and this is accomplished without nuclear power. Our nation could achieve this remarkable feat, we just need to make a bigger push for solar farms and wind power turbines. However, other scientist in Texas believe that we are incapable of achieving this due to their studies of wind energy and solar geothermal could never replace the power output of nuclear power plants. Also, they went on to say that the United States is maxed out on hydro-electric power stations due to all the major rivers this would be viable is already in use. This is the thinking that has got us to where we are today. Sometime in the future the world will need to reset itself with an â€Å"ice age.† If you take a look at the timeline for CO2 emissions in history, it shows that the emissions rise to a certain level then the earth began to cool causing and ice age. The way that we are going about pumping millions of tons of CO2 into the atmosphere it may be speeding up the process. Now let’s take a look at solar power. The benefits of solar energy vs fossil fuels energy are insurmountable, solar panels create no emissions or waste during their use. Unlike the power plants that use fossil fuels, solar panels produce a clean renewable energy that gets its fuel from a source that doesn’t need to be located, transported, combusted etc. So as you can see solar energy is the cheapest, better yet all-around energy source. The scientist that are supposed to better mankind, instead are focusing putting down solar power stating that solar isn’t a viable option due to the vast amount of area required to collect the sun. So this alternative energy has only remained a viable option due to the tax breaks given to the green earth community. Even though taking up a lot of land may be wasteful, the change in technology and solar cells today is makings solar energy a lot more viable of an option. If during the construction of homes they include the new solar technology available they could possibly eliminate the need for external energy requirements (RGS Energy). We as a nation are always looking for ways to combat Global Warming. Wind power remains at the top as a competitor form of alternative renewable energy. According to a study conducted by the National Audubon Society in 2008. Wind Turbines in the United States generated nearly 15,000 Megawatts of power. That amount of power was enough to power roughly 3 million homes or 20% in the nation. Unfortunately, the windfarms need large amounts of land in order to operate compared to the fossil fuel counterparts. Also windfarms of course need to be in places the wind blows constantly. Unfortunately, the locations needed are also the migration routes for many of our endangered species of birds. The Sierra Club refers to these windfarms as â€Å"the Cuisinart’s of the air.† The understanding it’s horrible that innocent animals may die during energy production. However, we will find that creating one megawatt of electricity by the wind turbines and reducing the our use of bio fuels such as oil and coal far outweigh causing the earth to become even more polluted than it already is. As we moved through a few different alternative energies let’s look at nuclear energy, and how we as a nation turned away from coal power plants to nuclear power in order to affect change in the right direction from facing another climate change. In the United States today there are 707 operating coal-fired electric plants, and these plants are producing 36 percent of the CO2 emissions. CO2 gas is the primary ingredient of greenhouse gases that are needed for the climate to change. The Atomic Energy Commission believes that nuclear power is the only way we are going to meet our energy needs of tomorrow. Green Peace International believes that the United States can cut those CO2 emissions by 75 percent within the next forty years. Yes, we can complete this without nuclear power or new efficient coal burning technologies. This can only be completed by continued development of energy efficient and renewable energies.

Acid Rain :: Free Essay Writer

Acid Rain   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the century past, the industrial society kept advancing. However, many advantages of the industrial society brings us also has a down side. One of the adverse effects of industrialization is acid deposition due to power plant, fossil fuel and automobile emissions. Acid rain is the popular term but the scientists prefer the term acid deposition. Acid rain can have adverse effects on the environment by damaging forests or by lowering the pH of the lakes and making the water too acidic for many aquatic plants and animals to live.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The father of acid rain research is an Englishman named Charles Angus Smith who suggested in, 1852, that sulfuric acid in Manchester, English, was causing metal to rust and dyed goods to fade. One source that causes acid rain are fossil fuel. Fossil fuel has many usage in our society. Such as to power electric power plants, industrial boilers, smelters, businesses, schools, homes and vehicles of all sort. These various energy sources contribute 23.1 million tons of sulfur dioxide and 20.5 million tons of nitrogen oxides to our atmosphere worldwide. When fossil fuels are ignited like oil and coal, they release carbon dioxide, a so-called greenhouse gas that traps heat within the earth's atmosphere which causes global warming that is taking place right now. Also, it releases sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and various metals (mercury, aluminum) that are released into the atmosphere that reacts with other airborne chemicals (water vapor and sunlight) to produce sulfuric and nitric acid which later can be carried long distance from their source and be deposited as rain (acid rain) but acid doesn't just came from rain but also in the forms of snow, hail, fog, and mist. Forests are a complex ecosystems that involves trees, soil, water, the air, climate and other living organisms that support the community of wildlife: animals, birds, insects and plants and also a major economic resource. The countries hardest effected by acid rain is in the European countries, yet central Europe face a much greater threat since it has a large amount of forest area and about 8% of German's forest face the lethal effect of Waldsterben or forest death of acid rain. Acid rain kill about 50 million hectares of forest that have been damaged in Europe and in Central and Eastern Europe's thousands of tons of pollution each year that 14,000 lakes are unable to support sensitive aquatic life. Acid rain does not kill trees outright but weakens them to the point where they become susceptible to extremes of heat or cold, attacks from blight-causing or from inserts such as the gypsy moth, and

Danger of Cell Phone

In 2010, Opera Winfred, a talk show host, dedicated her show to nearly 500,000 people that re Injured and 6,000 that are killed each year because drivers are talking and testing while operating. Statistics and also real life events show If a person Is testing, talking and emailing on a mobile device while operating a motor vehicle Is a threat on the road. Fox News reported on 2008, a California Metro Link train carrying passenger collided with a freight train because the engineer who's responsible for deleting the train was testing.Now only the engineer In question was kill but also 25 Innocent passengers, making it the deadliest accident to date that involved the use of mobile device. Studies show the use of mobile device can become an addiction just like a drug, which can ruin relationships, distract you from dangerous event and also initiate dangerous scenario. Huffing Post conducted a research call â€Å"Are You Addicted to Your Cell Phone? † Huffing Post concluded in thei r survey that 66 percent of American is afraid to be separated from their phone.Why is that percentage bad? It is bad because those individual who are afraid to be separated from there phone are addicted which resulted to neglect to other human body. This addiction also causes relationship breakup, family neglect and even made people lose their jobs. There is also some health concerns and risk that involves using your cell phone. As of 2010, there are over 303 million cell phone subscriber in the United State, according to Cellular telecommunication and Internet Association.A research was conducted by The National Cancer Institute showing cell phones emit radionuclide energy, a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, which can be absorbed by tissues closet to where the phone is held. Ohio State University had conducted a survey showing pedestrians treated in U. S. Emergency rooms for Injuries related to phone use while walking. Since 2005 that number had double. Now today In New York and many other states you will see on some streets the word â€Å"look† printed on the ground for those cell phone user that use their phone while walking.Cell user must beware of all concerns, health Issues and risk that Involve the use of a mobile device. If cell phone holders not able to put his or her cell phone away while operating a motor vehicle It can be a reason for a fatal accident. Someone relationship, love ones and employment could be terminated because of there addiction to a cell phone. Lastly excessive exposure of your hand held device to the cell phone device but Just be mindful of the effects it may cause.

Marketing Plan for New Product Launch

{draw:g} {draw:frame} SUPERIOR UNIVERSITY LAHORE Project Name: Marketing Plan for new product launch Presented To: Sir Kashif* *Mahmood Group Name : The Stallionz Leader Name & Id: Imran Shoukat MBP Members Name & Id: Muhammad Arslan Dilawar MBP Abuzer Shabbir MBP Hassan Raza Muhammad Kashif Munir Company N*ame:* The Glimmers Limited. Company Logo: {draw:frame} Product Name: {draw:frame} * * * *Contents of Marketing Plan Part 1: Executive Summary Part 2: Purpose and Mission Part 3: Situational Analysis Product, Market Analysis Distribution Analysis Competitor Analysis Financial Analysis Other Analysis Part 4: Strategy and Objectives text:list-item} {text:list-item} Part 5: Tactical Programs {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Part 6: Budgets, Performance Analysis, Implementation Budgeting and Analysis Implementation Part 7: Additional Considerations Executive Summary This report explains the marketing plan for launchin g a fresh Juice named â€Å"Refresh†. This product has been made by the Glimmers Limited. And it is approved from the Ministry of health. In the very beginning of the report we have explained the mission and vision of the Glimmers and then we have further carried out our. It will be introduced in the market with the help of various promotional displays, advertisement and distribution of free samples to the general public and financial institution. This report examines that this product is initially launching in Lahore’s domestic market. The study included both primary and secondary research. The primary study focused on a survey of the competitors and the likings and disliking of people. Through this strategy company can penetrate more into the market and can attract the bulk of customers. For this purpose we have conducted SWOT analysis of the company to see the company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Then we have explained the purposes, benefits and objectives of our product. Then we have made a marketing mix strategy for our product. We have divided market into different segments and decided to target the kids, youngster mature and old age person. We have also paid special attention to the packaging, color and price of the product. We have decided to place the product in all the markets of Punjab especially in the canteens of colleges and universities. We will promote our product through electronic media, print media, cable, and outdoor sources. We shall also conducted a market survey in future to know the opinion of public about our product and developed our product accordingly. Introduction to the Glimmers Limited Company’s Vision Statement: â€Å"Be the global leader in customer value†. Company’s Mission Statement: â€Å"To set world class standards in the Juice industry through providing a diverse range of high quality Juice products that are prepared in accordance with Islamic principles striving to satisfy consumers tastes and needs and serving the Society† The Glimmer’s Business in Lahore The Glimmers will commence its operation in Lahore from October 2010. The factory facility has been founded on a 20 canal area of land in the Industrial area, Ferozepur Road Lahore. The factory is expected to match the demand of our products. We have ensured the installation of modern, sophisticated and efficient equipment, conforming to the very latest standards of â€Å"Goods Manufacturing Practices†. Introduction to Refresh People started too perished under the scorching heat of summer in our country. They need an energy drink to refresh themselves. Refresh is a fresh juice product. It provides energy and keeps people fresh when they are felt weak or tired from doing a lot of work. It contains vitamins and proteins which is a useful energy source. Vitamins give freshness and proteins are the energy cells that recharge the human body so that they work at their maximum. The students, employees and workers become tired due to the work burden and sunlight which make them feel loose. They need an energy drink that makes them re-energize so they may be able to perform better again and feel refresh. * Slogan*: â€Å"The taste u desire† Ingredients are: {text:list-item} Objectives: To increase 25% market share {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Current Market Situation Refresh is a fresh juice product that is going to introduce in the Lahore domestic market. We are focusing to all levels of generation. The kids, youths, mature and olds and overall families The prices of the refresh are moderate, because it is for everyone in the society. Market Demographics: The customer of the Refresh consists of following: Geographic’s: The refresh geographic target area is currently Lahore. We are supplying our product to all area of the Lahore. We have further divided the areas of Lahore into 4 zones. A zone includes Gulberg, M. M Alam road, Defence B zone includes upper Mall, Wahdat road, model town C zone includes lower mall, Allama Iqbal Town, Sabzazar Scheme D zone includes Multan road , Sakeem mor, Allama Iqbal town {draw:frame} b. Demographics: There is an almost equal ratio between male and female and also kids. We are focusing: Kids Youngsters Mature Old age persons Our Competitors The Refresh is currently facing a very competitive environment. Because the competitors of the Refresh are:- Shezan Country Nestle Sunfresh Benz Product Review: The Refresh is available in 250ml size and available in different Flavors like: Mango Apple Pineapple Orange Mix-fruit Competitive Review â€Å"Refresh† Competitors: The competitors of â€Å"Refresh† juice are more than 10. NESTLE & SHEZAN is leading market right now and other companies are far away from it. NESTLE & SHEZAN has loyal customers over the years because it is very old company and customers are aware of its merits & demerits. The company’s first purpose is to compete NESTLE and other juices which have large market share. The main competitors are {draw:frame} & {draw:frame} {draw:frame} Product: Shezan juice is a product by Shezan International Ltd. Qualities of Shezan: High availability Large range of flavors Standardized and attractive packing Large promotion and market coverage Available in Various weights packing. Price: Minimum price of juice is 12 R. s Place: Shezan has a large market share in Pakistan. Sales: Promotion: They promote this product through Electronic media Print Media FM Radio stations Wall Chalking {draw:frame} {draw:frame} Product: Nestle beverages is a product by Nestle International. Qualities of Nestle: Large promotion and market coverage Large range of flavors High availability Price: Minimum price of juice is 20 R. s Promotion: They promote this product through a. Electronic media b. Print Media c. FM Radio stations Place: Nestle has a large market share in Pakistan. All calculations based on non-rounded figures Strategy: Creating shared value global forum Good pricing Better Quality By offering different flavors Intensive distribution Attractive packing SWOT Analysis of Glimmers {draw:frame} Strengths: Updated technology plant Quality product Specialists available for specialized jobs and tasks Hire experienced staff Medical insurance of employees Pakistani made Targeted to low and middle class people. Reasonable price Expiry date above 6 months Weakness New in juice industry Small distribution network Strong competitor No market share Limited experience of customers Opportunities Increase the distribution network. Acquiring the newer technology & techniques. Market is very big & attractive. Take-over of the distributor Increased demand of high quality products due to Lahore being a developed city. Threats Political instability New entrance from the exiting competitors So many competitors Retaining consumers Economic instability. Increases of general sales tax Development of plant Marketing Strategy and Objectives The market strategy is based on positioning of the product in the mind of consumers. Providing high quality Juice to the customers. We will distribute our product on mass level so that we can maximize the profitability. Positioning Strategies: We want to put an image of our product in the consumers mind as compare to competitor’s product. We want to target the high school, college and graduate students and government sectors that have to work hard and need to â€Å"Refresh† them in an instant. *2. * Segmentation: * We made the market segmentation on the following basis: Density Age Gender Income Family size Family life cycle Occupation Education Social classes Life style 3. Targeting: We will target the following customers: Kids Youngsters Mature Old age persons Marketing Mix: Product Price Promotion Place Product Strategy: Develop the long-term relationship with the customers Give val ues to the customers to delighting them Do whatever it takes not to satisfy the customers but retain our customers In order to accomplish this objective, the company has established sales, marketing and support teams. Product variety: Our product would be available in the following flavors:- Mango Apple Orange Grapes Mix-fruit Brand name: The name which we have chosen for our product is *â€Å"Refresh*† {draw:frame} Quality: High quality assurance would be our first priority. This would be ensured by: Implementing high quality standards Total quality management Acquisition of the high quality raw materials Design: â€Å"Refresh† is a sweet, refreshing Juice with an eye catching Tetra hedral pack. *Features*: Here are of the some features of our product: Fresh original fruit juice Provides proteins and minerals Provides vitamins Beneficial for kidneys Excellent in taste Gives freshness Tetra Pack protection packing Packaging: Product units are packed in 6-layered Tetra Pack Brick Aseptic. Sizes: Our product is available in 250 ml pack. Pricing Strategies: Our pricing strategies for the product are for total cost, which include custom services and other expenses. Pricing strategy usually change as the product passes through its life cycle. The price should be set at moderate level in order to attract a large number of buyers and to gain large market share. Amounts are in Pak Rupees. The total per unit price for 250ml packs that we will offer as follows: The cost of fruits Rs. 3 Electricity Rs. 2 Factory Overhead Rs. 3 Miscellaneous Rs. 2 Retailer Margin Rs. 2 Profit Rs. 3 Total Price Rs. 15 In accordance to our strategy we have decided to offer the product to customers at the price of Rs. 15. The price is very much compatible and the offer is substantial enough to attract a large percentage of market in a very quick time. Price and Quality Grid: This grid shows what pricing strategy a firm is perusing:- {draw:rect} {draw:custom-shape} According to this grid we are offering high quality at low price. So we are following penetration strategy. Communication Strategies: Promotion: Actually the promotion is a first step when we are launching a new product, but we make its strategies in last. We want to make a good image in the mind of customers, so that they will buy only our products. Criteria for Promotion: In promotion our main objective is to provide: Awareness Knowledge Liking Preference Purchasing Main Sources of Promotion: Electronic Media Print Media Cabel network Billboards Hoardings Electronic Media: Print Media: Billboards: Hoardings: Cabel Network Benefits: Following are the additional benefits which are offered to the customers to give them Value: Give 5 rappers and get one free juice pack Purchase ten juice packs and get one pack free. If you purchase a small crate of juice then you will able to participate in lucky draw and you can win following prizes: Samsung FM Guru DVD system Rs. 5000 Place: Distributors Review To assure the availability of its product â€Å"Refresh† juice has established effective network of registered dealers. The main target of these juices is Lahore. draw:g} The end consumer would then purchase â€Å"Refresh† from the retailer. The distributor are the most reliable distributors in the region. They enjoy a flawless reputation combined with business relations with numerous retailers even in the rural areas of Lahore and near sides. This has ensured that â€Å"Refresh† will be made available all over Lahore. Budgeting: Controls: This is the main and last element of the marketing planning by using this we can check our product standard by comparing It with our standards if there is any problem arrive in marketing plan the it must be corrected. Three main functions are performed under this element of planning that is: Measuring Comparing Correcting Measuring: We can check our marketing condition through measuring in which different types of tasks may be performed like Surveys Survey *for* *The* Future: In order to learn weather people would like to buy or use our product, we have decided to conduct a market survey in future so that we can assure that people likes our product or not. Comparing: In controlling process we compare our product with our standards Correcting: If any problem occurs then correcting process will take place in which we found that from where the problem will arises. Marketing Organization: Refresh’s chief marketing officer, holds overall responsibility for all of the company’s marketing activities. There are other subordinates with him to help the sales campaigns, trade and consumer sales promotions, and public relations efforts. Action Programs: The â€Å"REFRESH† will be introduced in May. Following are summaries of the action programs we will use during this summer session to achieve our stated objectives. May We will initiate 80,00,000 rupees trade sales promotion campaign to educate dealers and generate excitement for the product launch, and provide sample crates to our selected product reviewers, opinion leaders and celebrities as part of our public relation strategy. June We will start an integrated print/displays/television campaign. The campaign will show how many features the â€Å"REFRESH† have for users to reenergize them. July As the juice advertisement continues, we will add consumer sales promotion by including them to our messages. We will also support or retailer to increase our sales. August _ _We plan to roll out a new advertisement having new views of customers through survey who have used our drink which will help to promote our juice. Story Board References: Philip Kotler* * * * (Principle Of Marketing) Journal of Marketing Journal of Advertisement Websites: www. mickinsey. com www. wikipedia. com *www. Nestle. Com* www. Angrofoods. com www. shezan. com www. marketing. com

William Shakespeares Hamlet A Review Essay

William Shakespeares Hamlet A Review Essay William Shakespeares Hamlet: A Review Essay Rich Martinez Period 6th 01-18-13 Act 3 Scene 1 Hamlet’s Soliloquy (Kenneth Branagh) *what is a Soliloquy? -An act of speaking one’s thoughts aloud when by oneself of regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play. Hamlet’s soliloquy in Act 3, Scene 1 is one of the most momentous instances in the play. Kenneth Branagh’s interpretation of Hamlet’s words brings to life the deeper meaning of this famous passage. By making specific decisions in his movements and tone, Branagh facilitates the understanding of Shakespeare’s writing. The passage begins with the infamous lines, â€Å"to be, or not to be, that is the question;† (55). Hamlet is trying to decide weather it would be easier to kill himself or live his life. As he does so, he is looking at himself in a mirror and speaks almost in a constant tone. The fact that Branagh is speaking in front of a mirror reveals that perhaps Hamlet is so insecure with himself that he needs the comfort of his own image to encourage him to take action. But Branagh’s decision to deliver this line in monotone suggests that Hamlet does not care about his life. However, this it contradicted when he asks himself if it would be better to just â€Å"suffer† (56) from all of his problems or â€Å"to take arm against a sea of troubles, And by opposing, end them† (58-59). Branagh shows that Hamlet does indeed care but his life, but his madness will not allow him to think lucidly. At the moment when he delivers this line, Branagh bends his elbow and makes a f ist with his right hand, and then takes a step forward. His actions suggest that he will actually take action and stop his suffering. The fist evokes a sense of violence, which may imply that Hamlet will use violence to deal with his problems. The fact that Branagh takes a step forward after he makes a fist is another sign of Hamlet’s insecurity. It shows that he will act violently before thinking about his actions, which might lead him to even greater problems. The passage continues with Hamlet wondering if it were better to sleep or to dye. He confuses himself even more by coming to the conclusion that dying is sleeping; therefore dreams are a part of dying. Branagh shows Hamlet’s agitation by breathing heavier while delivering the line â€Å"-ay, there’s the rub, For in that sleep of death what dream may come† (64-65). Hamlet is afraid that he will not be able to get rid of his problems even after death. Also, while he is delivering the line, suspense classical music begins to play in the background, which acts as an emphasis on Hamlet’s confusion. The music evokes a sense of loneliness that has taken over Hamlet. He is unable to share his troubles with anyone causing him to drown in a sea of thought. The movement in the music symbolizes that turbulence that is happening in Hamlet’s mind. Further on, Branagh stops and says, â€Å"When he himself might his quietus make† (74). Hamlet says that it would be easy to just end one’s own life, which is correspondingly portrayed by the stop in the actor’s motion. By instantly stopping the movement of his legs, Branagh is symbolizing the easiness with which he could stop the movement of his heart. At this moment, he also takes out a sword and places it in front of

Term Papers Editing

Term Papers Editing Term Papers Editing Term Papers EditingDear students, now we write from the side of your instructors. They complain that you submit your term papers, do not make proofreading and editing. They say that to submit a term paper without term paper editing means failure to get a good grade.They cannot understand how you can submit papers without additional look at their structure, mistakes in language and format. If you want to get their respect and a good grade, you should look at their tips on term paper editing at least. Here we present tips from our experts of writing:Why Do We Perform Term Paper Editing?Taking into account the high percent of students, who order term paper editing at us after they have received their assignments from other writing services, (and this percent makes up 50%) we considered this and started performing some useful services, such as:Checking. We may check your paper for mistakes presences and remove them from your paper.Research making. If you need to conduct a research, you are welcome to use our term paper editing.Additional writing. Let us imagine that you have not managed to write the introduction or conclusion. We may do it instead of you.Additional information inserting. If you need more citations, examples or other additional information, we may find it for you and insert into your paper without text changing.Please, Pay Attention To The Popular Sections Of Our Site:Term Paper Editing General Mistakes Punctuation. This mistake is one of the most serious and common. Students do not want to check their term papers. Thus, they do not notice mistakes in punctuation. In addition, they want to add some inappropriate words and word-combinations, overloading their text.Subject-verb. The agreement of them should be right, especially, if there are some adverbs between them.Use of nouns. Sometimes collective and possessive nouns have their own usage, about what students forget.Wrong format of citations. It is a sore subject, because students do n ot pay attention to the style they write in.Redundancy of information. There may be many sentences, which are not in a logical order. In the same way, some words are also odd.Lack of prepositional phrases. Students do not see a need to use them or use some clichs.Term Paper Editing TipsDo not submit paper without checking it. Double read it or give to another person to read.As you have written your term paper, check up the structure (introduction, body part and conclusion), transitional words and sentences, etc.Use citations in the right format.Format of your paper is important aspect. Check it for yourself.Follow the format of the outline, as it may be of two types.If you want, we may write a new assignment for you. Sometimes, it is faster and cheaper than to edit a term paper due to a great number of mistakes there. Your Choice, Your Money, Your Time! Contact us and receive an excellent professional assistance!

A Study Of How Puberty And Peer Pressure Affects Adolescents

A Study Of How Puberty And Peer Pressure Affects Adolescents The tweens of today are having things on their mind, at a young age it was cupcakes, glitter, hot wheels and dinosaurs. Now at the tween years have more things on their mind than just rainbows and trains. This has to deal with peer pressure, puberty, also with trying to be popular. Which will be the cause of ten year olds wanting to become a teenager already? There are issues that an everyday child deals with on a daily basis. What is Peer pressure? Peer Pressure is the influence of people do try to. When you were a little kid, your parents usually chose your friends, putting you in play groups or arranging play dates with certain children they knew or liked. Now that youre older, you decide who your friends are and what groups you spend time with whether your parents like them or not. Parents may think their child is to be sweet, innocent, and always doing the right thing. When peer pressure comes along that goes downhill, it is a perception that changes when the parent is away from the child. Puberty is the physical change from a child to mature into a mature adult. With female tweens, they can develop breast, hair growth or many other physical changes. With males it is mainly voice changes or height changes. Puberty varies with the tween and can be a good thing or a bad thing for a tween to deal with. According to Steven Dowshewn of www.kidshealth.org, He states â€Å"Sometimes it can be hard to deal with all these new emotions. Its important to know that while your body is adjusting to the new hormones, so is your mind.† This will affect teens for years and years to come. Popularity shows tweens are can be either be two ways: Your either sweet person with a good personality or the meanest person some people ever came in contact with. People use their popularity for good things for instance running for class president, or wanting a to win votes. Using your popularity of evil, can be like â€Å"I run this entire school I am going to get it if I have to drop you off the face of the planet.† Lots of popularity shows what type of person you are or if you want to be popular. In other words, Tweens have many things to worry about in elementary, middle and high school. From peer pressure tweens into drugs, sex, drinking alcohol or may other situations. Puberty in males and females for tweens at a young age, females in particular. Popularity at school which can be used for good and evil, or for votes to win an election. Tween days will come and go, it shows that you cannot always stay that way forever.

Pirates of Globalization Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pirates of Globalization - Term Paper Example The researcher states that in an era of globalization and fast dissemination of information, fraudulent manufacturers employ sophisticated means of acquiring patented information and exploit it for commercial gain. As Catherine Holahan notes in her article for Business Week, pirated goods now account for nearly 7 percent of all commercial activity across the world. Developing economies such as India, China, Brazil and Russia are proving to be hotbeds for this trend as Intellectual Property laws are either vague or poorly developed here. Moreover, in the era of the Internet, online commercial transactions across borders are especially difficult to bring under the purview of cyber law, as there is no consensus between different participant nations. It is due to this reason that Digital Rights Management (DRM) has been conceived and implemented. The researcher of this essay looks into some of the mechanisms for protecting Inellectual Property rights, especially that of DRM. The research er then analyzes the modern era of globalization, where intellectual property rights face their greatest threat through the open and free transmission of information in the cyber world. The case for enterprise DRM is synonymous with the case for a well-articulated, role-based technology and data protection policy. It is then concluded that DRM simply moves the point of data security from that of the network hardware or the computer software down to the individual document, or even right down to document-based operations.

Reflective Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflective Journal - Assignment Example Critical Explanation I can relate my qualities of leadership to the time while I was attending the leadership workshop. After the first part of the workshop which involved lectures. During the first lecture, I was able to understand that the fist important requirement for a good leader is having good and effective communication skills. I believed that though I had proper communication skills I will have to fine-tune it so that it becomes more effective. In the second session various demonstrations were given. The participants were divided into groups and real life demonstration was given to us. I had to demonstrate leadership qualities during a technological change that was supposed to be occurring in a company. The change was basically related to the implementation of new automation software in the company. As a result of new implementation, strong resistance was shown by members of other groups who were from the employees. It reached a position, where the project was scheduled to b e cancelled. However, I discovered that the company is not planning to layoff any employees. I also assured them that the company will arrange training sessions and make everybody familiar with the new working technique. The discussion with the employee representatives turned out to be healthy and thankfully majority of them accepted the necessity of this change. After the success of the demonstration process, the participants as well as the lecturers of the workshop praised me for exhibiting leadership skills. Reflection On the basis of the self assessments I have come to the conclusion that though I have qualities of a good leader I will have to fine-tune my abilities and skills in order to gain recognition and subsequent achievement. To be specific, I would like to undergo special training classes on communication and achieve leadership and assessment skills in one year. In order to further asses myself, I will be carrying out an assessment that reflects about the qualities of le adership present in me. I compared my leadership with Eric Schmidt (Executive Chairman of Google) and Jeff Weiner (CEO of LinkedIn). Though I was sure about my leadership qualities there were few pitfalls. I was exposed to only few situations where I could use my leadership abilities. However, my current knowledge about leadership is a step forward which will help me in learning more complex leadership abilities. 2nd Reflective Journal Description The second journal reflects my experience during workshop training. The workshop training was on personal economics. The major objective behind attending the workshop was to learn money management. The major theme of the workshop was budget management and how to make a career in personal finance management. Apart from managing budget, I also learnt to identify my skills, career interests and utilize them for future growth and development. Critical Explanation The mentor for this workshop was Mr. Brendon Frill, a well known personal economi cs consultant. I found that person to be very nice, patient and kind. The first lesson he gave us was about creating a good impression during interview. We also prepared a life map which helped us in identifying our future goals. The second and third lesson was about preparing personal as well as family budget. I also realized that I had been over-spending from my budget. The fourth lesson was important as it helped me in understanding how to calculate credit and manage the tiny details of a

Viruses of the Mind by Richard Dawkins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Viruses of the Mind by Richard Dawkins - Essay Example Religion does not have much to do with reason. Religion imposes a reality rife with belief and faith, and without requiring reason (it is interesting that the very few people who claim that they can converse with god are labeled as quacks or insane by the very ones who believe in god). Religion does have much to do with the pressure of conformity; this, among other reasons, is why most people unquestioningly accept and adhere to the religion of their youth. As Dawkins states, "...it is a telling fact that, the world over, the vast majority of children follow the religion of their parents rather than any of the other available religions." According to Dawkins, a person exhibits faith when he is "impelled by some deep, inner conviction that something is true, or right, or virtuous: a conviction that doesn't seem to owe anything to evidence or reason, but which, nevertheless, he feels as totally compelling and convincing." and that most religions "make a positive virtue of faith's being strong and unshakable, in spite of not being based upon evidence.

Frame by Frame - Music and Soundscapes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Frame by Frame - Music and Soundscapes - Essay Example There are a variety of transitions implemented in this scene. The beginning of the scene implements traditional continuity editing shots that narrate Nash’s encounter with the military officials. Within this continuity editing there are juxtapositions between the military officials and Nash’s sudden face. This continuity editing gives way to dissolves of Nash’s face, as well as dissolves of the specific numbers he is examining. Rather than functioning within regular continuity, these dissolves demonstrate the passage of time as Nash examines and ponders the flashing numbers. These transitions, as well as the traditional and non-traditional editing techniques, have a variety of effects on scene and viewer. Perhaps most prominently this approach creates a dream-like atmosphere. Rather than conveying the scenes in a direct narrative way, this dream-like explication allows the viewer to viscerally experience Nash’s creative process and the way he is able to so lve these equations. It’s noted that there are three different types of sound in film. Diegetic sound is sound that both the audience and the characters can hear (Stanley, 2011). This is contrasted with non-diegetic sound that occurs outside of the character’s comprehension, but is available to the audience (Stanley, 2011). Finally there is ambient or natural sound; while this is also recognized as non-diegetic it constitutes a more specific articulation of this sound notion ("Types of," 2011). In the ‘Barrels’ scene from Jaws one recognizes the implementation of non-diegetic sound as the film’s soundtrack immediately overlays the narrative events. Additionally, natural and ambient sound occurs with the sound of the ocean and the events on the ship. Finally, there is diegetic sound implemented through discussions on the radio. In the ‘Opposites Do Not Attract’ scene from When Harry Met Sally one recognizes the implementation of natural and ambient sound in the car

Interim Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interim - Research Paper Example The company have to choose its suppliers considering its basic business requirements. It therefore needs to operate with other companies have strong management processes as suppliers coupled with effective approaches meant for establishment of their work force in order to ensure that they imrove continuously as well as consistently. According to Aera Energy (2009) the process of choosing a potential supplier for the business needs to be based on the crucials criterias which are specific to particular porcess and indicative of the company’s future success. These criterias are then evaluated and the significant attributes for the processes then chosen. Some usually source for their relevant materials for their business projects from suppliers withuout evaluating to find the right ones. Such suppliiers dont provide them with the right and high quality materiials they aspire to get. Their oprojects end up being either costly, behind time schedule or less productive than if they got the most appropriete suppliers for the materials. Most of these suppliers are not reliable, hence the businesses starts sometimes ends up looking for more materials from other suppliers to supplement them , something which adds cost and spends more time for the company. There is therefore the need to for the company to take tiome and do the necessary selection cretria for suppliers in order to avoid such shortcommings. Selection of the right suppliers would not obnly include looking at the price list of the materials requierd by would also encampass consideration of several factors which would lead to selecing the most competent and reliable suppliers. While doing procurement process for the organization’s materials there would be the need of reducing the potential costs as well as time duration for the process in order to increase productivity of the project or process hence the firms sustainable development. One such approach of

Viruses of the Mind by Richard Dawkins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Viruses of the Mind by Richard Dawkins - Essay Example Religion does not have much to do with reason. Religion imposes a reality rife with belief and faith, and without requiring reason (it is interesting that the very few people who claim that they can converse with god are labeled as quacks or insane by the very ones who believe in god). Religion does have much to do with the pressure of conformity; this, among other reasons, is why most people unquestioningly accept and adhere to the religion of their youth. As Dawkins states, "...it is a telling fact that, the world over, the vast majority of children follow the religion of their parents rather than any of the other available religions." According to Dawkins, a person exhibits faith when he is "impelled by some deep, inner conviction that something is true, or right, or virtuous: a conviction that doesn't seem to owe anything to evidence or reason, but which, nevertheless, he feels as totally compelling and convincing." and that most religions "make a positive virtue of faith's being strong and unshakable, in spite of not being based upon evidence.

Interim Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interim - Research Paper Example The company have to choose its suppliers considering its basic business requirements. It therefore needs to operate with other companies have strong management processes as suppliers coupled with effective approaches meant for establishment of their work force in order to ensure that they imrove continuously as well as consistently. According to Aera Energy (2009) the process of choosing a potential supplier for the business needs to be based on the crucials criterias which are specific to particular porcess and indicative of the company’s future success. These criterias are then evaluated and the significant attributes for the processes then chosen. Some usually source for their relevant materials for their business projects from suppliers withuout evaluating to find the right ones. Such suppliiers dont provide them with the right and high quality materiials they aspire to get. Their oprojects end up being either costly, behind time schedule or less productive than if they got the most appropriete suppliers for the materials. Most of these suppliers are not reliable, hence the businesses starts sometimes ends up looking for more materials from other suppliers to supplement them , something which adds cost and spends more time for the company. There is therefore the need to for the company to take tiome and do the necessary selection cretria for suppliers in order to avoid such shortcommings. Selection of the right suppliers would not obnly include looking at the price list of the materials requierd by would also encampass consideration of several factors which would lead to selecing the most competent and reliable suppliers. While doing procurement process for the organization’s materials there would be the need of reducing the potential costs as well as time duration for the process in order to increase productivity of the project or process hence the firms sustainable development. One such approach of

Estimation of pH Essay Example for Free

Estimation of pH Essay Acid-base titration calculations Aim: This experiment is designed to train our skills of calculation in titration as well as help us to be familiar with the procedures of titration. Background: 1. Titration is a technique which involves measuring the volume of one solution which just reacts completely with another solution. 2. A pipette is designed to deliver exactly the same volume each time it is used. 3. A burette is equipment fitted with a tap and is calibrated so as to accurately measure a variable volume of solution. 4. Tire is the volume of the second solution required in titration. Method: The whole experiment is based on computer simulation. To train our calculation skills in titration, two trials are set. One is titration between a strong acid and a strong base. The other is between a weak acid and a strong base. In this experiment, the strong acid is HCl, the strong base is NaOH and the weak acid is CH3COOH. Strong acid and strong base 1. Set up the apparatus. 2. Measure 25ml Ba(OH)2 by pipette. 3. Transfer the Ba(OH)2 into a beaker. 4. Add Bromothymol Blue which is and indicator. 5. Add HCl into the burette. 6. Turn on the pH meter. 7. Insert the probes into the beaker. 8. Read the reading on burette. 9. Start titrating. 10. Read the final volume. 11. Remove the probes. Weak acid and strong base 1. Set up the apparatus. 2. Measure 25ml Ba(OH)2 by pipette. 3. Transfer the Ba(OH)2 into a beaker. 4. Add Bromothymol Blue which is and indicator. 5. Add CH3COOHhe burette. 6. Turn on the pH meter. 7. Insert the probes into the beaker. 8. Read the reading on burette. 9. Start titrating. 10. Read the final volume. 11. Remove the probes. Apparatus: Pipette 25ml Burette 50ml pH meter Beaker 80ml Chemicals: Barium Hydroxide, Ba(OH)2 Hydrochloric Acid, HCl Ethanoic Acid, CH3COOH Bromothymol Blue Safety: Follow the rules in the laboratory and wear the safety goggles. Set up of apparatus: Procedure: Strong acid and strong base 1. I set up the apparatus. 2. I measured 25ml Ba(OH)2 by pipette. 3. I transferred the Ba(OH)2 into a beaker. 4. I added Bromothymol Blue which is and indicator. 5. I added HCl into the burette. 6. I turned on the pH meter. 7. I inserted the probes into the beaker. 8. I read the reading on burette. 9. I started titrating. 10. I read the final volume. 11. I removed the probes. Weak acid and strong base 1. Set up the apparatus. 2. Measure 25ml Ba(OH)2 by pipette. 3. Transfer the Ba(OH)2 into a beaker. 4. Add Bromothymol Blue which is and indicator. 5. Add CH3COOHhe burette. 6. Turn on the pH meter. 7. Insert the probes into the beaker. 8. Read the reading on burette. 9. Start titrating. 10. Read the final volume. 11. Remove the probes. Data collection: Strong acid and strong base Initial pH in the beaker 15.03 Final pH in the beaker 2.79 Volume of HCl added 41.02ml Weak acid and strong base Initial pH in the beaker 14.90 Final pH in the beaker 2.57 Volume of HCl added 38.60ml Data processing: Strong acid and strong base The chemical equation for this reaction 2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) Weak acid and strong base The chemical equation for this reaction 2 CH3COOH (aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) (CH3COOH)2Ba (aq) + 2H2O(l) Graph: Strong acid and strong base Screenshot of the software Graph of the pH in the beaker against volume added Weak acid and strong base Screenshot of the software Graph of the pH in the beaker against volume added Conclusion: The concentration of hydrochloric acid in the first trial is The concentration of ethanoic acid in the second trial is Evaluation and improvement: 1. As what I have discovered, all the graphs of a certain reaction in this software are the same. There is no difference in the graph if the concentration is changed. Also the graph is distinct points rather than a curve. During the experiment, sometimes failure occurred. Thus the only improvement could be done is to change another software.

Business Organisations Within Different Industries

Business Organisations Within Different Industries Private Sector Private sector organisations are ones that are owned by private individuals or groups and is not controlled by the state. the main purpose of private sector businesses is to generate revenue and create profit. Other private sector business aims include furthur growth, increasing market share and maximising sales. By contrast, establishments that are part of the state are part of the public sector; private, non-profit organizations are regarded as part of the voluntary sector and do not fall in to this sub heading. There are a number of organisations under the private sector. The main types of businesses in the private sector are: Sole trader Sole traders are individually run businesses. These include plumbers, painters, accountants and hairdressers. They are responsible for the overall running of their business and their is no distinction between the individual and thier business. Unlike other types of organisations you do not have to register your business with anyone. Advantages of being a sole trader is the freedom to make your own decisions as you are your own boss which may be very motivating. As a sole trader you also keep 100% of the profits. Controversially the disadvantages equally weigh the advantages as being a sole trader means sources of finance are limited as you are the only individual able to raise money. Also as a sole trader you will have to work long hours and have limited holidays as closing the business could result in loss of customers which will lead to a loss in revenue creating a ripple affect which could harm potential profit. One of the main disadvantages of a sole trader is that as a sole trad er, you are subject to unlimited liability meaning failure to pay off debts could result in personal assets e.g. your home being repossessed. Partnership, either limited or unlimited liability Partnerships usually consist of 2 20 people. This is widespread is professions such as accountancy and law. Unlike sole traders the responsibility and work load is shared and more finance can be raised from the partners. Also each partner can specialise e.g. if you have a legal practise one partner can specialise is marital law and one can specialise in tort law. However they are undifferentiated from sole traders in terms of partnerships being unlimited liability. Other disadvantages include sharing of profits between all partners, size is limited to 20 members and also disagreements between partners. Private Sector Limited Companies Owned and run by shareholders. Requires a Memorandum of Association (which includes name of company, address,objectives, type of activities, amount of capital to be raised, number of shares to be issued). Requires an Articles of Association (which includes the rights of shareholders, procedures for appointing directors, timing and frequency of company meetings, arrangements for auditing company accounts). Shareholders have a right to attend the AGM. Private Limited Company or LTD-limited liability, with private shares Private limited companies are owned by share holders and the owners can place restrictions on who the share ae sold to. Many people who own family run companied for instance can place restrictions to allow family members only to purchase share. In this case shares can only be sold privately and cannot advertise their share for sale. Private Sector Public Limited Companies This companies name ends PLC. There are around 500,000 companies in the UK but only 3% of them are public limited companies. Shares can be bought and sold on the stock market. Accounts must be published. Advantages limited liability;huge amounts of capital can be raised; economies of scale; domination of the market. Disadvantages setting up costs can be very expensive; an outsider can take over the company; competitors can take advantage of information in published accounts; Legislation control the way the organisation is operated; Companies may be inflexible due to their size. Public Limited Company shares are open to the public. Two examples are: Franchise business owner pays a corporation to use their name, receives spec for the business Workers cooperative all workers have equal pay, and make joint business decisions Public limited companies like private limited companies are owned by share holders however no restrictions can be placed and shareholders can sell shares to whoever they like. One disadvantage in this is that companies my be subject to a take over by other shareholders if they start buying up shares in attempt to take control. Some share holders may want to resist this take over but can not stop other shareholders selling their shares. Public Sector The Public Sector, sometimes referred to as the state sector is owned and run by the state (government) for their citizens. Their aim is to provide services needed by the citizens, regarless of income or wealth, for example health and education. These organisations are funded through taxation. The organization of the public sector can take several forms, including: Central government These include such services as defence, national health service, social security, prisions, police, universities. Local government These include primary secondary education, refuse collection, libraries, social services, council housing, parks and sport facilities Public corporation Non-profit sector. Non-profit sectors, the organisations in which fall into this category are different to both the private and public sectors, which has main objectives of turning a profit. Instead non profit organisations e.g. charitable organizations, trade unions and public arts organizations do not distribute its profits to shareholders or owners but use the money to meet goals. Ownership is the quantitative difference between for- and not-for-profit organizations. For-profit organizations can be privately owned and may re-distribute taxable wealth to employees and shareholders. By contrast, not-for-profit organizations do not have private owners. They have controlling members or boards, but these people cannot sell their shares to others or personally benefit in any taxable way. While non profit organisations are able to turn a profit known as a surplus, finance earned are retained by the organisation for its self-preservation, expansion and future plans. They are in most countries exempt from income and property taxation. Purpose Activities Marketing Marketing is the function of the business that is responsible for understanding customer needs and developing the right products, setting the right price and promoting and distributing products in the right way. Marketing ensures what is being provided is always a want and need. Market research new product development Purchasing Purchasing functions objectives are to buy at the most economic order the right quantity and quality for the right price from suppliers who are reliable and provide a good service. Through this they can ensure they can provide their organisation with an uninterrupted flaw of materials and services for company operations. They also have to find reliable alternative sources of supply. Determine needs, select the suppliers, negotiate the purchase and follow up on orders. Human Resources The pupose of the human resourse function is to assess the current and future capacity of a businesses future workforce needs and maximize the productivity of an organization by optimizing the effectiveness of its employees. Job design, Advertise job vacancies, select candidates, training and development, performance appraisal compensation, maintenance labour relations, Finance Production Hirachical strucutre Also known as the pyramis structure, the hierarchical structure means that with every level in the structure is a different level of authority. The structure houses fewer people at the top of the pyramid which can include job titles such as owner ceo and managing director. In hierarchical structures the chain of command runs from the top down and through each line department. Employees at each level are managed by their line manager directly above them in their orgainsation function. Within hierarchical structures authority and responsibility is clearly defined and it is clear to see the promotion path for employees. Also there are specialist managers which could effectively be used as the hierarchical strucuter encourages this in terms of environment. Futhur more employees will be very loyal to their department within their orgainsation. However the organisation can be beauracratic and theirfore respond sloly to changing customer needs and thet market within which the orgainsation operates. Communication across various sections can be poor due to having to report to line managers especially horizontal communitcation. And departments can make decisions which benefit them rather than the business as a whole especially if there is inter departmental rivalry. Matrix structure The matrix structure groups employees and resources in two ways simultaneously by both function and product. This structure can combine the best of both separate structures. A matrix organization frequently uses teams of employees to accomplish work, in order to take advantage of the strengths, as well as make up for the weaknesses, of functional and decentralized forms. An example if a organisation wanted to produce two products, a table and a chair. Using the matrix structure, this company would organize functions within the company as follows: a table sales department, a table customer service department, a table accounting, a chairsales department, a chair customer service department, a chair accounting department. Advantages of such structures are individuals can be chosen according to the needs of the project, the use of a project team wich is dynamic and able to view problems in different ways as specialist have been brought together in a new environment and project managers a re sirectly responsible for completing a project within a certain time frame and budget. However the disadvantages are a conflict between line managers and project managers over the allocation of resources, if teams have a lot of independence than it can be hard to monitor and cost can be increased if more managers are created through the use of project teams. Divisional structure Also known as the product structure, the divisional structure groups each organizational function into a division. Each division within a divisional structure contains all the necessary resources and functions within it. Each divisional unit is responsible for a product, geographical area, or customer base. Each division has its own functions such as Finance, Marketing and research and development, Divisions can be categorized from different points of view. There can be made a distinction on geographical basis (a US division and an EU division) or on product/service basis (different products for different customers: households or companies). Another example, an automobile company with a divisional structure might have one division for SUVs, another division for subcompact cars, and another division for sedans. Each division would have its own sales, engineering and marketing departments.

History of Computers :: Technology Computers Essays

History of Computers One could say that the history of the computer started with the abacus, a wooden frame holding two wires with beads strung on them. The beads were moved around, and the abacus was used to solve arithmetic problems. Blaise Pascal built the first digital computer in 1642, which added numbers that were entered with dials. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz built a computer in 1694 that could add and multiply (Meyers). Thomas of Colmar (Charles Xavier Thomas) created the first mechanical calculator that added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided (Augarten 37). During this time, in Cambridge, England, Charles Babbage began designing an automatic mechanical calculating machine, called the difference machine. He started manufacturing it in 1823. It was supposed to be steam powered and fully automatic, capable of printing result tables, and run by an instruction program. He worked on it for the next ten years (Meyers). Herman Hollerith and James Powers, who worked for the US Census Bureau, were the first to successfully use punch cards in 1890. Information could be punched into the cards automatically, and they developed devices to read the information, so reading errors were reduced, work flow increased, and the punched cards could be used as easily accessible memory. International Business Machines (IBM), Remington, Burroughs, and other corporations developed better punched cards. These computers used electromechanical devices in which electrical power provided mechanical motion -- like turning the wheels of an adding machine. Such systems included features to: feed in a specified number of cards automatically, add, multiply, and sort feed out cards with punched results (Meyers). They were slow compared to today computers, only processing 50-220 cards per minute, each card only holding 80 characters. Punched cards were a big advancement in their day, providing greater memory st orage. Punched cards performed most of the world first business computing and much scientific computing work (Meyers). World War II created a great need for the military to have computer capacity; trajectory tables and other information were required for new weapons. John Eckert, John Mauchly, and their associates at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of University of Pennsylvania built a high-speed electronic computer, the ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) in 19 42.

Gun Control in America Today Essay -- Guns Weapons Violence Crime Essa

During the Vietnam War, more than twice as many Americans were killed with firearms in the U.S. than died in combat. Today, firearms are used in approximately 65% of the 11,000 homicides a year. Suicides are carried out via a gun 57% of the 16,600 a year (â€Å"GunCite† 49). These statistics pose the question, â€Å"Would there be that many fewer deaths if guns were banned altogether? Or would these deaths occur just the same but by other means?† Studies on both a local and a national level have shown that the majority of murders are committed by those with previous criminal records. The â€Å"crimes of passion† are not very common; rather, most murders are planned and therefore would occur no matter what weapon is to be used (â€Å"GunCite† 49). However, controlling the guns in America is still an issue that needs to be addressed. Banning guns completely is not what should be done, however; if the government controls guns by other means, then crime w ill be reduced yet many Americans will still have them to use in recreation and in self defense. The Second Amendment of the Bill of Right in the United States Constitution says â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.â€Å" This statement has been interpreted two very different ways over the years. The Americans that favor strict gun control have come to the conclusion that this amendment guarantees the right of the states to own firearms. They believe the forefathers of the Constitution wanted to guarantee every state the right to keep and bear firearms, in order to defend against the federal government, should it try to possess too much power. The â€Å"well regulated militia,† they say, refers to state troops using state-supplied firearms, such as the National Guard or the Naval Militia. They believe that the Second Amendment was just another part of the checks and balances built into the American government. One strength this viewpoint has is that whi le the Supreme Court has never made a direct ruling on how to interpret the Second Amendment, it has never stuck down any gun-control law as being unconstitutional under the Second Amendment (Beard and Rand 224). Americans that are against gun control interpret this amendment in a very different manner. While they do not dispute that every state has the right to keep and bea... ...iewpoints. Ed. William Dudley. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1989. â€Å"GunCite† http://www.guncite.com. 8 December 2002. Halbrook, Stephen P. â€Å"An Individual Right† Crime and Criminals: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. William Dudley. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1989. Kopel, David B. â€Å"Guns Are Necessary for Self-Defense† Crime and Criminals: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. William Dudley. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1989. National Rifle Association. â€Å"Gun Control Violates the Constitution† Crime and Criminals: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. William Dudley. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1989. Schwerin, Ursula. â€Å"The More Guns, the More Violence† Crime and Criminals: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. William Dudley. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1989. Vaughn, Jerry. â€Å"Guns Difficult to Use† Crime and Criminals: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. William Dudley. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1989. Wright, James D. â€Å"Gun Control Would Not Reduce Crime† Crime and Criminals: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. William Dudley. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1989. Zimring, Franklin E. and Gordon Hawkins. â€Å"Guns Should Not Be Used for Self-Defense† Crime and Criminals: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. William Dudley. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1989.

Fitting of Engel Curve

Fitting of Engel Curve: Rural Maharashtra Managerial Economics I: Section D Group 6 Completed Under the Guidance of Prof. Kaushik Bhattacharya September 2011 Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow Submitted on September 5th, 2012 ? Executive Summary This study aims to estimate and analyze the relationship between the monthly per capita expenditure on food and the monthly per capita total expenditure for households in rural Maharashtra. This relation is estimated by using the Engel Curve Model which proves that as the income levels rise the percentage expenditure on food items decreases.The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) conducted an all-India survey of households and unorganised service enterprises in the 63rd round of NSS during July 2006-June 2007. Surveys on consumer expenditure are being conducted once in every five years on a large sample of households from the 27th round (October 1972 – September 1973). For this project Data from the 63rd Round of the Nation al Sample Survey was used as a sample for analysis. The regression analysis was carried out using Linear, Working-Lesser and Double Log Models.The income elasticity was calculated in each case which confirmed the fact that food is a necessity good. Qualitative factors such as seasonality, occupation and social group were also incorporated into the regression analysis using dummy variables. A multivariate regression analysis revealed the prominence of occupation as a relatively more significant factor compared to the others factors. The analysis is subject to certain limitations due to the assumptions made with the most primary assumption being that the total expenditure on all goods is representative of the income of the individual.Other limitations arising out of the content of the survey have also been listed. Contents Executive Summary2 Introduction4 Understanding the Data6 Data Collection6 Data processing6 Function Formulation6 Regression Analysis7 ? Introduction The nature of a particular good can be determined by an important parameter known as Income elasticity which helps us classifying the good as either inferior, a necessity or luxury. This parameter allows us to predict what goods will be determined by a society during various stages of development and provide insights into the behaviour of various sections of society to that good.In today’s economic scenario Income elasticity of food in particular is of major significance. From a production perspective, it is important to determine the relationship between the food expenditure and income. This will help in predicting the demand in a growing economy and thus reduce the demand-supply gap. Form a policy perspective, the income elasticity becomes all the more important as government aims to have an inclusive development. Knowing the income elasticity with respect to food expenditure will help in framing policies which fulfil their aim of better economy.Income elasticity can be estimated empirica lly through Demand curves and Engel Curves. Engel curves describe how household expenditure on particular goods or services depends on household income. The name comes from the German statistician Ernst Engel (1821–1896) who was the first one to investigate this relationship systematically in an article published about 150 years ago. The best-known single result from the article is â€Å"Engel’s law,† which states that the poorer a family is, the larger the budget share it spends on nourishment.Engel curves may also depend on demographic variables and other consumer characteristics. Empirical Engel curves are close to linear for some goods, and highly nonlinear for others. Engel curves are used for equivalence scale calculations and related welfare comparisons, and determine properties of demand systems such as agreeability and rank. Engel curves for normal goods Engel curves for inferior goods The relationship between the food consumption and income on the Enge l Curve has been analysed through various models, each with its own benefits.The three models used in this study are: 1. Linear Regression Model: It assumes a linear relationship between the two variables. It uses the equation: Y = A0 + A1X. The elasticity is calculated through this model using the equation ? = ( X/Y) dy/dx = (X/Y) A1 2. Working-Lesser Model: This model uses the equation Wi=A0+AilnX. Working-Lesser Model is the first empirical model applied in the study of consumption analysis In the Working-Leser model, each share of the food item is simply a linear function of the log of prices and of the total expenditure on all the food items under consideration.Here i represents each food items , wi is the expenditure share of food i among the n food items and x is the total expenditure of all food items included in the model. This model can be estimated for each food item by the ordinary. 3. Double Log Model: This model assumes linear relationship between logarithms of the dep endent and independent variable. The greatest benefit of this relationship is that the coefficients of the income variable directly represent the income elasticity. Its equation is lnY = A0 + A1 lnX.The elasticity is directly available as the co-efficient of the independent variable i. e. ?= A1. Understanding the Data Data Collection The data collected by The National Sample Survey (NSS), during its 63th round of data collection during July 1st 2005 to 30th June 2006, has been used in this project. The survey contained data regarding the expenditure of a on various items such as food, clothing, medical, alcohol etc. It also contains demographic information about each family pertaining to the religion, caste, occupation, age, sex etc. The survey is divided into two samples for data validation.We first analyzed both the samples individually and then combined them to verify the validity of the results obtained. Data processing We calculated the per capita total expenditure on food for 1702 families from Rural Maharashtra. Instead of income, which wasn’t available, we calculated and used the monthly per capita total expenditure for each family to find the Engel Curve. The consumption of food of a family can depend on numerous variables. The variables that we included in our analysis are the social group or caste, occupation and seasonality. The factors which were excluded are__________________________.Rural Maharashtra is fairly homogenous and hence the region or district of the respondent wasn’t considered as a variable. Function Formulation We did a multivariate regression where the monthly per capita expenditure was the independent variable (i. e. X) while the per capita food expenditure was the dependent variable (i. e. Y). The factors of seasonality, caste and occupation were taken as dummy variables as they have only a qualitative and not a quantitative effect. ValuesDummy Variables SeasonalityJul-Sep, Oct-Dec, Jan-Mar, Apr-Jun CasteSC/ST, OBC, Others Occupation Self-Employed, Salary/Wage Earning,Casual Labor, Others Monthly per capita food expenditure = f (monthly per capita total expenditure, dummy variables) This functional form was used to model the various regression models namely linear regression, double log regression and the working-lesser form. Weighted least square method was used to factor in the weights assigned to each household. Regression analysis was carried out for using the SPSS tool which was also used for extracting data from the flat file. A scatter plot of food versus total expenditure was also plotted to prove the Engel’s law. Regression Analysis

Poem of Harlem Renaissance

In the poem Song of the Son, Toomey is turning to the origins of slavery, saying slavery alone has made him a son of this Earth. Song of the Son† is a five stanza, rhyming poem. Each stanza has five lines. The poem in the first stanza talks about the correlation between nature and song. The second stanza talks about the son and his correlation with nature. Both the first and second stanza collaborates to make the title of the poem Song of the Son.The last two stanza talk about the how the society during that time depicts slaves, â€Å"O Negro slaves, dark and purple ripened plums. † The narrator also talks of the sun setting on he slaves who frequently used songs as a form of expression. The narrator expresses an interest in remembering and figuratively staying connected with the slaves who had worked the land in previous generations. It seems to me that a poem which effectively expresses the spirit of Harlem Renaissance poetry is â€Å"From the Dark Tower,† by Co unter Culled.The first stanza open up the poem with the idea of struggle. Culled states in these first lines, we see a man planting, yet not reaping, his own rewards. Instead, the fruits of that labor will simply be plucked away by others, resalable by white men who take what the black men sow. Culled is also saying that the oppressed black people of his day will not always Just sit and watch their people and heritage be enslaved. Culled uses the image of a â€Å"sable†, (meaning black), night sky that relieves the harsh, grim, barren day (stark) as a metaphor.Culled is referring to young African Americans as â€Å"buds† ( lines 13 Even though they are alive, they are so limited by being a black person in America that they will never come close to realizing their full potential A Black Ban Talks of Reaping is a poem that focuses on the oppression and racism in America. This poem describes the trial and hardships of the African American people. The poem also talks about the little children that weren't around for the planting, but still have to taste the bitter fruit.This could mean that future generations still have to face the discrimination between the races. Stanza 1, he has been plating for many years against fear of losing the harvest and the extenuate that he wont. Stanza 2, He has plated a lot of seeds, but has only harvested very little of what he sowed. Stanza 3, The speaker is saying that no matter how hard he works, his son will have the same fate he does. The author's tone is harsh and sad: harsh for having to work and sad for his son. The mood of the poem is disappointing for the feeling of failure for his sons.This poem is important because it sends out a message to all blacks and speaks about how every black was treated. In conclusion, the legacy of the Harlem Renaissance has opened doors for today's African- American writers. The Harlem Renaissance was the internal spring for African-Americans branching out into the world on their own desire. The renaissance opened a new dimension for African-Americans and brought about the legalization of â€Å"l can do it, and do it with dignity, grace, and style. This time period in history was not Just a national movement, but an impact creating a revolution of sorts. Harlem saw a never-seen-before work per excellence, in various fields, which gave African-Americans a renewed image and a fresh outlook. Harlem Renaissance has been the breeding ground for creative endeavors by authors, poets, and artists. Harlem, in itself, was an idea of cultural excitement that progressed throughout the twentieth century. Black visual artists experienced an explosion in ideas and energy during Harlem Renaissance.The Harlem Renaissance produced novelists, poets, artists and musicians who are today considered some of the finest that America ever produced, regardless of race. In conclusion, the legacy of the Harlem Renaissance has opened doors for today's African- American writers. The Har lem Renaissance was the internal spring for African-Americans branching out into the world on their own desire. This time period in history was not Just a national movement, but an impact creating a revolution of sorts. Harlem Renaissance has been the breeding ground for creative endeavors by authors, poets, and artists.

Blowing the Truth out

I would like to first explain what whistle blowing is and detail some the following important moral issues that go along with whistle blowing. I will try to show how this could affect any one by going over a classic case of an Eastern Airlines pilot . As well as considering how an individual can protect him or herself from becoming the victim when trying to blow the whistle. Under what circumstances, if any, is whistle blowing morally justified? Some people have argued that whistle blowing is never justified because employees have absolute obligations of confidentiality and loyalty to the organization for which they work. People who argue this way see no difference between employees who reveal trade secrets by selling information to competitors, and whistle – blowers who disclose activities harmful to others. This position is similar to another held by some business people that the sole obligation of corporate executives is to make a profit for the stockholders. If this were true, corporate executives would have no obligations to the public. However, no matter what one’s special obligation, one is never exempt from the general obligations we have to our fellow human beings. One of the most fundamental of these obligations is not to cause harm to others. Corporate executives are no more exempt from this obligation than other people. Corporations in democratic societies are run with the expectations that they will function in ways that are compatible with the public interest. Corporations in democratic societies are also run with the expectations that they will not only obey the law governing their activities, but will not do anything that undermines basic democratic processes, such as bribing public officials. In addition to having the obligation to make money for stockholders, corporate executives have the obligation to see that these obligations are complied within an organization. They also have obligations to the company’s employees, for example to maintain a safe working place. It is the failure of corporate executives to fulfill obligations of the types mentioned that create the need for whistle blowing. Just as the special obligations of corporate executives to stockholders cannot override their more fundamental obligations to others, the special obligations of employees to employer cannot override their more fundamental obligations. Such as obligations of confidentiality and loyalty cannot take precedence over the fundamental duty to act in ways that prevent unnecessary harm to others. Agreements to keep something secret have no moral standing unless the secret is itself morally justifiable. For example a no person can have an obligation to keep a secret of a plot to murder someone, because murder is an immoral act. It is for this reason also that employees have a legal obligation to report an employer who has committed or is about to commit a felony. Although there are obvious differences between the situation of employees who work for government agencies and those who work for private firms, if we leave apart the special case in which national security was involved, then the same principles apply to both. The Codes of Ethics of Government Service to which all government employees are expected to conform requires that employees put loyalty to moral principles and the national interest above loyalty to the public parties or the agency for which they work. Neither can one justify participation in an illegal or immoral activity by arguing that one was merely following orders. It has also been argued that whistle blowing is always justified because it is an exercise of the right to free speech. But, the right to free speech is not perfect. An example to shout â€Å"Fire† in a crowded theater because that is likely to cause a panic in which people may be injured. Similarly, one may have a right to speak out on a particular subject, in the sense that there are no contractual agreements which prohibit him/her from doing so, but it may be the case that it would be morally wrong for one to do so because it would harm innocent people, such as one’s fellow workers and stockholders who are not responsible for the wrongdoing being disclosed. The fact that one has the right to speak out does not mean that one should do so in every case. But this kind of consideration cannot create an complete prohibition against whistle-blowing because one must weigh the harm to fellow workers and stockholders caused by disclosure against the harm to others caused by allowing the organizational wrong to continue. Further more, the moral principles that you must consider all people’s interests equally prohibits giving preference to one’s own group. So there most be considered justification for not giving as much weight to the interest of the stockholders investing in corporate firms because they do so with the knowledge that they take on financial risk if management acts illegally or immorally. Same as if the employees of a company know that it is engaged in illegal or immoral activities and do not take action, including whistle blowing, to end the activities, then they must bear some of the guilt for the actions. These in turn cancel the principles that one should refrain from blowing the whistle because speaking out would cause harm to the organization. Unless it can be shown that the harm to the employees and stockholders would be significantly greater than the harm caused by the organizational wrong doing, the obligation to avoid unnecessary harm to the public must come first. This must be true even when there is specific agreements not to speak out. Because ones obligation to the public overrides one’s obligation to maintain secrecy. If the arguments which I have just made are valid then the position of whistle blowing is never justified because it involves a violation of loyalty and confidentiality, or that whistle blowing is always right because it is an exercise of the right to free speech and is morally justified. Then the obligation a person has to prevent avoidable harm to others overrides any obligations of confidentiality and loyalty, making it an obligation to blow the whistle on illegal or unethical acts. Now that I have set down some moral ground rules that help determine if your responsible or justified in blowing the whistle on big business, I would like to share with you an example of what happened to a company and a employee of a company that has had the whistle blown on them. In this first case a pilot of eastern whistle comes clean on what he suspects to be serious design problem with the new Lockheed 1011, wide body aircraft. At the time Dan blew the whistle, he was flying regularly scheduled flights for Eastern airlines as well as being involved in flight training and engineering safety, for Eastern airlines. Mr. Gellert was also a graduate of Air Force Safety School, the Army Crash Survival Investigators coarse, and the aerospace Systems Safety, all highly regarded safety courses. The problem, which Mr. Gellert suspected, was of unexplainable crashes in a flight simulator while using the auto pilot system . The L-1011 defect involved the complex interaction between the crew and the autopilot and related instruments, which they relied upon to conduct a safe approach to a runway when landing the aircraft. Mr. Gellert became aware of the problem on a routine flight while using the L-1011. While flying the aircraft with the autopilot engaged and cruising at 10,000 feet with 230 passengers, Gellert dropped his flight plan. As he went to pick it up, his elbow hit the control stick in front of him causing the plane to go in a steep dive something that should not happen. Fortunately, he was able to grab the stick and ease the plane back on course. What had happened was that that while bumping the stick, he had tripped off the autopilot. Instead of holding the plane at 10,000 feet, it had switched from its â€Å"command mode† to â€Å"control steering†. As a result, when the stick moved forward, causing the plane to dive, the autopilot, rather than holding the aircraft on course held it in a dive. There was no warning to the pilot, such as alarms or light and the autopilot’s altimeter indicated that the plane was flying at 10,000 feet, a dangerously wrong reading. After this incident Gellert told an Eastern management official what had happened and the official replied â€Å"we’ll look into it. But three months later from the time he reported the incident an Eastern airlines flight approaching Miami International Airport crashed. The crew had used the autopilot to land the plane and it had malfunctioned crashing into the everglades. The first step that Mr. Gellert took in blowing the whistle on Eastern airlines and Lockheed was to write a two page evaluation of the auto pilots problems and send them to, Frank Borman, then vice-president of operations; Floyd Hall, chairman of the board , and Samuel Higgenbottom, president of operations. The only response was from Borman that said, it was â€Å"pure folly† that the autopilot caused the accident. He also sent two copies to the NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board. ) which agreed with Gellert and asked him to testify against Eastern and Lockheed. Even with his testimony on his experiences with the auto pilot system NTSB found that a defect in the autopilot caused the crash, but attributed the tragedy to â€Å"pilot error† because the crew did not react fast enough. At this point eastern has done nothing to keep Gellert from doing his job . Until he had the same situation happened to him on two separate occasions, which prompted him to write a twelve-page petition to the NTSB as well as to top management. Gellert was immediately demoted to co-pilot. â€Å"Twice a year pilots bid on a base, a position, or a particular aircraft. † The first indication that he was being penalized by the company for his written petitions. At the same time the NTSB began to put pressure on eastern to make alterations to it’s aircraft’s. The pressure that went along with confronting eastern management forced Gillert to take a three- year leave of absence. And when Gillert decided to return to work, eastern denied him, questioning his ability to fly an aircraft concerned with his mental state. Eastern grounded Gillert indefinitely. A civil suit was filed and won by Gellert . The jury found Eastern guilty and awarded him 1. 5 million in damages, which were never paid, due to appeals. Gellert also filed a grievance to get reinstated as a pilot , which he won but Eastern refused to instate him as a full time pilot . The bottom line is that eastern was making life hard on Gillard because he wanted to do the right thing , he was aware of a problem which he tried to bring to the attention of the executives in charge . He was a dedicated employee and was only concerned about the safety of the people Eastern was flying and in turn Eastern continues to punish him and make his life extremely hard. I believe what has happened in the above summary of the Eastern airline case is that which is common among whistle blowers. Employees that decide to blow the whistle on big business for the greater good of the people are often subject to countless acts of discrimination. Employees are often demoted, pushed aside, put down ,alienated from the industry, and made their lives extremely uncomfortable for the mere fact that they tried to do the right thing. Gellert felt that the autopilot was defective yet management refused to listen, and then when it was to late and an accident occurred management didn’t want to know , because they didn’t want to except responsibility for not addressing the problem in the first place. If anything Gellert should have been rewarded for trying to prevent a disaster but instead, as is common for many whistle blowers he was punished. Employees who discover apparent wrong-doing have several options, they can turn a blind eye and continue as normal, raise the matter internally and hope for the best, blow the whistle outside while trying to remain anonymous, blow the whistle and take the full force of employer disapproval, resign and remain silent, or resign and blow the whistle. The key is minimizing the risk to you as an employee. As I have shown to blow the whistle requires a great deal of care and patience. Yet sometimes employees do not always make good judgements in the heat of the moment. Allowing himself or herself to be more vulnerable then someone who takes the time to plan and receive advice to do it right. Some simple questions will help to minimize your risk and determine if blowing the whistle is really necessary. First, make sure the situation is one that warrants whistle blowing. Secondly, you should carefully examine your motives. Third, verify and document your information. Fourth, determine the type of wrongdoing involved and to whom it should be reported. Fifth, state your allegations in appropriate ways. Sixth, decide whether the whistle blowing should be internal or external and if it should be open or anonymous. Seventh, make sure you follow proper guidelines in reporting the wrongdoing. And last you should consult a lawyer and anticipate as well as document retaliation. With all this said there is really no sure way to go about making the right choice on weather to blow the whistle or not. Employees that are forced to blow the whistle are often forced to do so because their concerns are not given fair hearings by their employers. This results in damage to both the whistleblower and the organization. Yet if wrong doing with in an organization go undetected, they can result in even in greater damage to the workforce, and the public at large. Whistle blowing is an effective way to regulate business internally and should not be discriminated against. In researching this paper it has come to my attention that whistle blowers may never have it easy. The possibility of causing career suicide should be maintained at the lowest level possible. A good indication of the how genuinely ethical our society is how organizations treats its whistleblowers. I can only hope that we will improve in the next coming century than continue on the course we have set for ourselves in the past. I strongly believe that society owes an immense gratitude to its whistle blowers and that they will soon be praised for coming forward instead of punished. Blowing the Truth out I would like to first explain what whistle blowing is and detail some the following important moral issues that go along with whistle blowing. I will try to show how this could affect any one by going over a classic case of an Eastern Airlines pilot . As well as considering how an individual can protect him or herself from becoming the victim when trying to blow the whistle. Under what circumstances, if any, is whistle blowing morally justified? Some people have argued that whistle blowing is never justified because employees have absolute obligations of confidentiality and loyalty to the organization for which they work. People who argue this way see no difference between employees who reveal trade secrets by selling information to competitors, and whistle – blowers who disclose activities harmful to others. This position is similar to another held by some business people that the sole obligation of corporate executives is to make a profit for the stockholders. If this were true, corporate executives would have no obligations to the public. However, no matter what one’s special obligation, one is never exempt from the general obligations we have to our fellow human beings. One of the most fundamental of these obligations is not to cause harm to others. Corporate executives are no more exempt from this obligation than other people. Corporations in democratic societies are run with the expectations that they will function in ways that are compatible with the public interest. Corporations in democratic societies are also run with the expectations that they will not only obey the law governing their activities, but will not do anything that undermines basic democratic processes, such as bribing public officials. In addition to having the obligation to make money for stockholders, corporate executives have the obligation to see that these obligations are complied within an organization. They also have obligations to the company’s employees, for example to maintain a safe working place. It is the failure of corporate executives to fulfill obligations of the types mentioned that create the need for whistle blowing. Just as the special obligations of corporate executives to stockholders cannot override their more fundamental obligations to others, the special obligations of employees to employer cannot override their more fundamental obligations. Such as obligations of confidentiality and loyalty cannot take precedence over the fundamental duty to act in ways that prevent unnecessary harm to others. Agreements to keep something secret have no moral standing unless the secret is itself morally justifiable. For example a no person can have an obligation to keep a secret of a plot to murder someone, because murder is an immoral act. It is for this reason also that employees have a legal obligation to report an employer who has committed or is about to commit a felony. Although there are obvious differences between the situation of employees who work for government agencies and those who work for private firms, if we leave apart the special case in which national security was involved, then the same principles apply to both. The Codes of Ethics of Government Service to which all government employees are expected to conform requires that employees put loyalty to moral principles and the national interest above loyalty to the public parties or the agency for which they work. Neither can one justify participation in an illegal or immoral activity by arguing that one was merely following orders. It has also been argued that whistle blowing is always justified because it is an exercise of the right to free speech. But, the right to free speech is not perfect. An example to shout â€Å"Fire† in a crowded theater because that is likely to cause a panic in which people may be injured. Similarly, one may have a right to speak out on a particular subject, in the sense that there are no contractual agreements which prohibit him/her from doing so, but it may be the case that it would be morally wrong for one to do so because it would harm innocent people, such as one’s fellow workers and stockholders who are not responsible for the wrongdoing being disclosed. The fact that one has the right to speak out does not mean that one should do so in every case. But this kind of consideration cannot create an complete prohibition against whistle-blowing because one must weigh the harm to fellow workers and stockholders caused by disclosure against the harm to others caused by allowing the organizational wrong to continue. Further more, the moral principles that you must consider all people’s interests equally prohibits giving preference to one’s own group. So there most be considered justification for not giving as much weight to the interest of the stockholders investing in corporate firms because they do so with the knowledge that they take on financial risk if management acts illegally or immorally. Same as if the employees of a company know that it is engaged in illegal or immoral activities and do not take action, including whistle blowing, to end the activities, then they must bear some of the guilt for the actions. These in turn cancel the principles that one should refrain from blowing the whistle because speaking out would cause harm to the organization. Unless it can be shown that the harm to the employees and stockholders would be significantly greater than the harm caused by the organizational wrong doing, the obligation to avoid unnecessary harm to the public must come first. This must be true even when there is specific agreements not to speak out. Because ones obligation to the public overrides one’s obligation to maintain secrecy. If the arguments which I have just made are valid then the position of whistle blowing is never justified because it involves a violation of loyalty and confidentiality, or that whistle blowing is always right because it is an exercise of the right to free speech and is morally justified. Then the obligation a person has to prevent avoidable harm to others overrides any obligations of confidentiality and loyalty, making it an obligation to blow the whistle on illegal or unethical acts. Now that I have set down some moral ground rules that help determine if your responsible or justified in blowing the whistle on big business, I would like to share with you an example of what happened to a company and a employee of a company that has had the whistle blown on them. In this first case a pilot of eastern whistle comes clean on what he suspects to be serious design problem with the new Lockheed 1011, wide body aircraft. At the time Dan blew the whistle, he was flying regularly scheduled flights for Eastern airlines as well as being involved in flight training and engineering safety, for Eastern airlines. Mr. Gellert was also a graduate of Air Force Safety School, the Army Crash Survival Investigators coarse, and the aerospace Systems Safety, all highly regarded safety courses. The problem, which Mr. Gellert suspected, was of unexplainable crashes in a flight simulator while using the auto pilot system . The L-1011 defect involved the complex interaction between the crew and the autopilot and related instruments, which they relied upon to conduct a safe approach to a runway when landing the aircraft. Mr. Gellert became aware of the problem on a routine flight while using the L-1011. While flying the aircraft with the autopilot engaged and cruising at 10,000 feet with 230 passengers, Gellert dropped his flight plan. As he went to pick it up, his elbow hit the control stick in front of him causing the plane to go in a steep dive something that should not happen. Fortunately, he was able to grab the stick and ease the plane back on course. What had happened was that that while bumping the stick, he had tripped off the autopilot. Instead of holding the plane at 10,000 feet, it had switched from its â€Å"command mode† to â€Å"control steering†. As a result, when the stick moved forward, causing the plane to dive, the autopilot, rather than holding the aircraft on course held it in a dive. There was no warning to the pilot, such as alarms or light and the autopilot’s altimeter indicated that the plane was flying at 10,000 feet, a dangerously wrong reading. After this incident Gellert told an Eastern management official what had happened and the official replied â€Å"we’ll look into it. But three months later from the time he reported the incident an Eastern airlines flight approaching Miami International Airport crashed. The crew had used the autopilot to land the plane and it had malfunctioned crashing into the everglades. The first step that Mr. Gellert took in blowing the whistle on Eastern airlines and Lockheed was to write a two page evaluation of the auto pilots problems and send them to, Frank Borman, then vice-president of operations; Floyd Hall, chairman of the board , and Samuel Higgenbottom, president of operations. The only response was from Borman that said, it was â€Å"pure folly† that the autopilot caused the accident. He also sent two copies to the NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board. ) which agreed with Gellert and asked him to testify against Eastern and Lockheed. Even with his testimony on his experiences with the auto pilot system NTSB found that a defect in the autopilot caused the crash, but attributed the tragedy to â€Å"pilot error† because the crew did not react fast enough. At this point eastern has done nothing to keep Gellert from doing his job . Until he had the same situation happened to him on two separate occasions, which prompted him to write a twelve-page petition to the NTSB as well as to top management. Gellert was immediately demoted to co-pilot. â€Å"Twice a year pilots bid on a base, a position, or a particular aircraft. † The first indication that he was being penalized by the company for his written petitions. At the same time the NTSB began to put pressure on eastern to make alterations to it’s aircraft’s. The pressure that went along with confronting eastern management forced Gillert to take a three- year leave of absence. And when Gillert decided to return to work, eastern denied him, questioning his ability to fly an aircraft concerned with his mental state. Eastern grounded Gillert indefinitely. A civil suit was filed and won by Gellert . The jury found Eastern guilty and awarded him 1. 5 million in damages, which were never paid, due to appeals. Gellert also filed a grievance to get reinstated as a pilot , which he won but Eastern refused to instate him as a full time pilot . The bottom line is that eastern was making life hard on Gillard because he wanted to do the right thing , he was aware of a problem which he tried to bring to the attention of the executives in charge . He was a dedicated employee and was only concerned about the safety of the people Eastern was flying and in turn Eastern continues to punish him and make his life extremely hard. I believe what has happened in the above summary of the Eastern airline case is that which is common among whistle blowers. Employees that decide to blow the whistle on big business for the greater good of the people are often subject to countless acts of discrimination. Employees are often demoted, pushed aside, put down ,alienated from the industry, and made their lives extremely uncomfortable for the mere fact that they tried to do the right thing. Gellert felt that the autopilot was defective yet management refused to listen, and then when it was to late and an accident occurred management didn’t want to know , because they didn’t want to except responsibility for not addressing the problem in the first place. If anything Gellert should have been rewarded for trying to prevent a disaster but instead, as is common for many whistle blowers he was punished. Employees who discover apparent wrong-doing have several options, they can turn a blind eye and continue as normal, raise the matter internally and hope for the best, blow the whistle outside while trying to remain anonymous, blow the whistle and take the full force of employer disapproval, resign and remain silent, or resign and blow the whistle. The key is minimizing the risk to you as an employee. As I have shown to blow the whistle requires a great deal of care and patience. Yet sometimes employees do not always make good judgements in the heat of the moment. Allowing himself or herself to be more vulnerable then someone who takes the time to plan and receive advice to do it right. Some simple questions will help to minimize your risk and determine if blowing the whistle is really necessary. First, make sure the situation is one that warrants whistle blowing. Secondly, you should carefully examine your motives. Third, verify and document your information. Fourth, determine the type of wrongdoing involved and to whom it should be reported. Fifth, state your allegations in appropriate ways. Sixth, decide whether the whistle blowing should be internal or external and if it should be open or anonymous. Seventh, make sure you follow proper guidelines in reporting the wrongdoing. And last you should consult a lawyer and anticipate as well as document retaliation. With all this said there is really no sure way to go about making the right choice on weather to blow the whistle or not. Employees that are forced to blow the whistle are often forced to do so because their concerns are not given fair hearings by their employers. This results in damage to both the whistleblower and the organization. Yet if wrong doing with in an organization go undetected, they can result in even in greater damage to the workforce, and the public at large. Whistle blowing is an effective way to regulate business internally and should not be discriminated against. In researching this paper it has come to my attention that whistle blowers may never have it easy. The possibility of causing career suicide should be maintained at the lowest level possible. A good indication of the how genuinely ethical our society is how organizations treats its whistleblowers. I can only hope that we will improve in the next coming century than continue on the course we have set for ourselves in the past. I strongly believe that society owes an immense gratitude to its whistle blowers and that they will soon be praised for coming forward instead of punished.